How Many Terms Can a Representative Serve in the House
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Posts and Beams
Forth with the foundation, posts and beams are the backbone of a house frame. A beam is a horizontal support and a post is a vertical support. Together they are used to provide support for the framing in areas where a wall would be in the way. The size of posts and beams is determined past how much weight they accept to back up and calculated by an architect or engineer. Posts and beams can be steel, wood or engineered lumber.
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On-Eye
When placing joists, studs, rafters or trusses, carpenters need to know how far autonomously to install them. The distance is indicated on building plans and is usually referred to as "on-center" measurement. Joists placed 16 inches on-center volition have sixteen in. from the center of one to the center of the next. For ease of measuring and marking, carpenters measure from the edges rather than centers of the framing members. This works equally long as you measure from left edge to left edge or correct border to right border.
*The term "member" is used to describe virtually any object that'southward part of a greater associates or structure. Carpenters frequently utilize member to mostly draw any part of a firm frame inside a certain category. For example, you might hear a builder say "The roof frame members are stacked over there."
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Floor Joist
Floor joists are the framing members that support the floor and walls in a higher place them. They run horizontally and are unremarkably spaced 12, 16 or 24 inches on-center. They are supported by the foundation or posts and beams and sized co-ordinate to how much weight they support. Traditional wood joists are usually two×8, 2×ten or 2×12 lumber, but modernistic houses oft use engineered joists like trusses or I-joists because they provide better strength for less price.
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Rim Joist
A floor frame consists of framing members that residue on posts, beams or foundation walls. Rim joists are the parts of the floor frame running perpendicular to the floor joists and enclose the ends of the floor joist assembly holding the joists in position. Carpenters cutting the rim joists to length and mark the location of the joists on them. Then the joists are cutting to length, aligned with the marks on the rim joists and nailed through the rim joists into the ends of the joists.
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Blocking
Short lengths of wood or engineered lumber that are cut to fit between joists, studs or trusses are called blocking. Blocking is installed for a variety of reasons. Structural blocking is indicated on the business firm plan and provides actress strength. Burn down blocking prevents the spread of fire inside an enclosed floor, wall or ceiling. Some blocking is likewise installed to provide a solid zipper for handrails, grab bars or other hardware.
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Subfloor
Nailed or screwed to the top of the floor joists, the subfloor provides a platform for the walls to a higher place and a base for the finished floor materials. Subflooring is ordinarily 5/8 to 3/4 inches thick and available in four×8-foot sheets. Plywood and OSB (oriented strand board) are the most common materials used for subfloors.
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Wall Plate
Plates are the horizontal members that are plant at the top and bottom of walls and role to hold the wall studs in position. They are usually the aforementioned width and fabric every bit the studs. Carpenters cut the plates to length and mark the position of doors, windows and studs on them as a guide for building the walls. Standard structure includes a bottom plate, top plate and a second top plate overlapping the adjoining wall tying the walls together.
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Stud
Studs are the vertical members that, together with the plates, make up the wall frames. They are usually 2x4s or 2x6s spaced 16 or 24 inches on-center and can be standard framing lumber or engineered lumber, similar laminated strand lumber. To save time, carpenters often buy precut studs available in 92-5/8, 104-5/8, and 116-5/viii inch lengths to build standard 8-, 9- and ten-foot-alpine walls. Studs that don't extend from the lesser plate to the top plate have special names.
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Trimmer or Jack Stud
Window and door openings in walls crave a horizontal framing member across the pinnacle of the opening. The studs that run vertically along the sides of window and door openings and are cut to fit from the bottom plate to the underside of this horizontal member are chosen trimmers or jack studs.
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King Stud
Window and door openings in walls too require a vertical framing member lumber (left and right) of a window or door opening that runs continuously from the bottom sole plate to the peak plate.
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Cripples or Cripple Stud
Studs cutting curt to fit below or to a higher place window and door openings are called cripples. When carpenters mark the plates for stud locations they bespeak the location of cripples with a special mark to show that these are non total-length studs.
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Header
Headers are little beams placed in a higher place window and door openings to support the weight above. The wider the opening, the stronger the header has to be. Headers can be built up past layering standard 1-i/ii-inch-thick framing lumber, or they can exist engineered lumber. The ends of headers are supported by trimmer studs.
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Load-bearing Wall
A wall required to support the weight higher up it is referred to as a load-bearing wall. Exterior walls are almost always load bearing because they support the floors in a higher place too as the roof. Some interior walls are likewise load bearing. When remodeling, removal of a load bearing wall requires adding a axle to carry the load.
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Stringer
Stairs have all kinds of parts including treads, risers and railings. Installing these is usually the chore of a finish carpenter. Only the framing carpenter is responsible for cutting and installing the stringers. Stringers are the angled stair supports running from the ground to the main floor or from floor to flooring. Stairs require at least 2 stringers, but usually 3 or 4 depending on how broad the stairway is. Stringers are typically notched to provide a level surface for the stair treads and a vertical surface for nailing on the riser boards.
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Wall Sheathing
Wall sheathing is applied to the exterior of the wall framing to enclose the structure. Depending on the type of capsule, it can also provide bracing, insulation or a nailing surface for siding materials. Sheets of plywood, OSB, gypsum and extruded polystyrene are a few common types of capsule material.
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Rafter
Rafters are the angled framing members that make up the roof construction. Roofing sheathing and the covering materials are placed over and on top of the rafters. At that place are several types of rafters named for their location and office in the roof frame. These include common, hip, ridge, valley and jack rafters. Rafters are sized according to the weight they must support and the distance they span. They are unremarkably spaced 16 or 24 inches on-center to line up with a standard iv×eight sheet of roof sheathing.
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Roof Slope
The slope of a roof is a mutual term used by architects and builders to describe a roof's incline, or how steep it is. Carpenters also use roof gradient to cut the ends of rafters to the correct bending. Gradient is specified with two numbers indicating the rise and run. The first number, the ascension, tells the vertical distance the roof rises for every foot of run. The 2nd number, the run, is always 12 inches. A roof with a three:12 pitch would be fairly flat while a roof with a 12:12 pitch would be very steep.
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Roof Truss
Cutting and assembling rafters requires a skillful carpenter and a fair amount of time. To simplify the chore and save fourth dimension and money, engineers developed roof trusses to replace rafter assemblies. Roof trusses are designed and built in a manufactory to friction match the roof slope, dimensions and style of the house. They are then delivered to the job site where they're intstalled according to a roof plan provided by the manufacturer. Trusses are ordinarily spaced 24 inches on-center to align with standard sheets of roof capsule.
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Roof Capsule
Roof sheathing is typically 7/xvi, 1/two or 5/8 inch thick and available in 4×8-foot sheets. Plywood and OSB are common sheathing materials. The capsule is nailed to the height of rafters or trusses providing a base for the installation of covering materials.
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Floor Truss
Flooring trusses are built with 2x4s or 2x3s with a broad, stable surface that is easier to piece of work on and around. They were designed to supervene upon a standard floor joist made of dimensional lumber. They eliminate the demand for additional beams to support a floor considering of their stiffness and strength. Their broad nailing surface provides a surface for piece of cake gluing and quick, authentic attachment of sheathing and subfloor. This helps reduce squeaks. They also leave enough of room for plumbing, electrical and mechanical runs.
Originally Published: July 28, 2021
Source: https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/house-framing-terms/
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